use std::borrow::Cow;
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::fmt;
use std::fmt::{Display, Write};
use std::str::from_utf8;

use pyo3::exceptions::{PyKeyError, PyTypeError, PyValueError};
use pyo3::ffi::{self, c_str};
use pyo3::intern;
use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::sync::PyOnceLock;
use pyo3::types::{PyDict, PyList, PyString, PyTuple, PyType};
use serde::ser::{Error, SerializeMap, SerializeSeq};
use serde::{Serialize, Serializer};

use serde_json::ser::PrettyFormatter;

use crate::build_tools::py_schema_error_type;
use crate::errors::LocItem;
use crate::get_pydantic_version;
use crate::input::InputType;
use crate::serializers::{Extra, SerMode, SerializationConfig, SerializationState, WarningsMode};
use crate::tools::{safe_repr, write_truncated_to_limited_bytes, SchemaDict};

use super::line_error::ValLineError;
use super::location::Location;
use super::types::ErrorType;
use super::value_exception::PydanticCustomError;
use super::{InputValue, ValError};

#[pyclass(extends=PyValueError, module="pydantic_core._pydantic_core", subclass)]
#[derive(Clone)]
#[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, derive(Debug))]
pub struct ValidationError {
    line_errors: Vec<PyLineError>,
    title: Py<PyAny>,
    input_type: InputType,
    hide_input: bool,
}

impl ValidationError {
    pub fn new(line_errors: Vec<PyLineError>, title: Py<PyAny>, input_type: InputType, hide_input: bool) -> Self {
        Self {
            line_errors,
            title,
            input_type,
            hide_input,
        }
    }

    pub fn from_val_error(
        py: Python,
        title: Py<PyAny>,
        input_type: InputType,
        error: ValError,
        outer_location: Option<LocItem>,
        hide_input: bool,
        validation_error_cause: bool,
    ) -> PyErr {
        match error {
            ValError::LineErrors(raw_errors) => {
                let line_errors = match outer_location {
                    Some(outer_location) => raw_errors
                        .into_iter()
                        .map(|e| PyLineError::from_val_line_error(py, e.with_outer_location(outer_location.clone())))
                        .collect(),
                    None => raw_errors
                        .into_iter()
                        .map(|e| PyLineError::from_val_line_error(py, e))
                        .collect(),
                };
                let line_errors = match line_errors {
                    Ok(errors) => errors,
                    Err(err) => return err,
                };
                let validation_error = Self::new(line_errors, title, input_type, hide_input);
                match Bound::new(py, validation_error) {
                    Ok(err) => {
                        if validation_error_cause {
                            // Will return an import error if the backport was needed and not installed:
                            if let Some(cause_problem) = ValidationError::maybe_add_cause(err.borrow(), py) {
                                return cause_problem;
                            }
                        }
                        PyErr::from_value(err.into_any())
                    }
                    Err(err) => err,
                }
            }
            ValError::InternalErr(err) => err,
            ValError::Omit => Self::omit_error(),
            ValError::UseDefault => Self::use_default_error(),
        }
    }

    pub fn display(&self, py: Python, prefix_override: Option<&'static str>, hide_input: bool) -> String {
        let url_prefix = get_url_prefix(py, include_url_env(py));
        let line_errors = pretty_py_line_errors(py, self.input_type, self.line_errors.iter(), url_prefix, hide_input);
        if let Some(prefix) = prefix_override {
            format!("{prefix}\n{line_errors}")
        } else {
            let count = self.line_errors.len();
            let plural = if count == 1 { "" } else { "s" };
            let title: &str = self.title.extract(py).unwrap();
            format!("{count} validation error{plural} for {title}\n{line_errors}")
        }
    }

    pub fn omit_error() -> PyErr {
        py_schema_error_type!("Uncaught Omit error, please check your usage of `default` validators.")
    }

    pub fn use_default_error() -> PyErr {
        py_schema_error_type!("Uncaught `PydanticUseDefault` exception: the error was raised in a field validator and no default value is available for that field.")
    }

    fn maybe_add_cause(self_: PyRef<'_, Self>, py: Python) -> Option<PyErr> {
        let mut user_py_errs = vec![];
        for line_error in &self_.line_errors {
            if let ErrorType::AssertionError {
                error: Some(err),
                context: _,
            }
            | ErrorType::ValueError {
                error: Some(err),
                context: _,
            } = &line_error.error_type
            {
                let note = if let Location::Empty = &line_error.location {
                    Cow::Borrowed("Pydantic: cause of loc: root")
                } else {
                    Cow::Owned(format!(
                        "Pydantic: cause of loc: {}",
                        // Location formats with a newline at the end, hence the trim()
                        line_error.location.to_string().trim()
                    ))
                };

                // Notes only support 3.11 upwards:
                #[cfg(Py_3_11)]
                {
                    // Add the location context as a note, no direct c api for this,
                    // fine performance wise, add_note() goes directly to C: "(PyCFunction)BaseException_add_note":
                    // https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Objects/exceptions.c
                    if err.call_method1(py, "add_note", (format!("\n{note}"),)).is_ok() {
                        user_py_errs.push(err.clone_ref(py));
                    }
                }

                // Pre 3.11 notes support, use a UserWarning exception instead:
                #[cfg(not(Py_3_11))]
                {
                    use pyo3::exceptions::PyUserWarning;

                    let wrapped = PyUserWarning::new_err((note,));
                    wrapped.set_cause(py, Some(PyErr::from_value(err.clone_ref(py).into_bound(py))));
                    user_py_errs.push(wrapped);
                }
            }
        }

        // Only add the cause if there are actually python user exceptions to show:
        if !user_py_errs.is_empty() {
            let title = "Pydantic User Code Exceptions";

            // Native ExceptionGroup(s) only supported 3.11 and later:
            #[cfg(Py_3_11)]
            let cause = {
                use pyo3::exceptions::PyBaseExceptionGroup;
                Some(PyBaseExceptionGroup::new_err((title, user_py_errs)).into_value(py))
            };

            // Pre 3.11 ExceptionGroup support, use the python backport instead:
            // If something's gone wrong with the backport, just don't add the cause:
            #[cfg(not(Py_3_11))]
            let cause = {
                use pyo3::exceptions::PyImportError;
                match py.import("exceptiongroup") {
                    Ok(py_mod) => match py_mod.getattr("ExceptionGroup") {
                        Ok(group_cls) => group_cls.call1((title, user_py_errs)).ok(),
                        Err(_) => None,
                    },
                    Err(_) => return Some(PyImportError::new_err("validation_error_cause flag requires the exceptiongroup module backport to be installed when used on Python <3.11.")),
                }
            };

            // Set the cause to the ValidationError:
            if let Some(cause) = cause {
                unsafe {
                    // PyException_SetCause _steals_ a reference to cause, so must use .into_ptr()
                    ffi::PyException_SetCause(self_.as_ptr(), cause.into_ptr());
                }
            }
        }
        None
    }
}

static URL_ENV_VAR: PyOnceLock<bool> = PyOnceLock::new();

fn include_url_env(py: Python) -> bool {
    *URL_ENV_VAR.get_or_init(py, || {
        // Check the legacy env var first.
        // Using `var_os` here instead of `var` because we don't care about
        // the value (or whether we're able to decode it as UTF-8), just
        // whether it exists (and if it does, whether it's non-empty).
        match std::env::var_os("PYDANTIC_ERRORS_OMIT_URL") {
            Some(val) => {
                // We don't care whether warning succeeded or not, hence the assignment
                let _ = PyErr::warn(
                    py,
                    &py.get_type::<pyo3::exceptions::PyDeprecationWarning>(),
                    c_str!("PYDANTIC_ERRORS_OMIT_URL is deprecated, use PYDANTIC_ERRORS_INCLUDE_URL instead"),
                    1,
                );
                // If OMIT_URL exists but is empty, we include the URL:
                val.is_empty()
            }
            // If the legacy env var doesn't exist, check the documented one:
            None => match std::env::var("PYDANTIC_ERRORS_INCLUDE_URL") {
                Ok(val) => val == "1" || val.to_lowercase() == "true",
                Err(_) => true,
            },
        }
    })
}

static URL_PREFIX: PyOnceLock<String> = PyOnceLock::new();

fn get_formated_url(py: Python) -> &'static str {
    let pydantic_version = match get_pydantic_version(py) {
        // include major and minor version only
        Some(value) => value.split('.').collect::<Vec<&str>>()[..2].join("."),
        None => "latest".to_string(),
    };
    URL_PREFIX.get_or_init(py, || format!("https://errors.pydantic.dev/{pydantic_version}/v/"))
}

fn get_url_prefix(py: Python<'_>, include_url: bool) -> Option<&str> {
    if include_url {
        Some(get_formated_url(py))
    } else {
        None
    }
}

// used to convert a validation error back to ValError for wrap functions
impl ValidationError {
    pub(crate) fn into_val_error(self) -> ValError {
        self.line_errors.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect::<Vec<_>>().into()
    }
}

#[pymethods]
impl ValidationError {
    #[new]
    #[pyo3(signature = (title, line_errors, input_type="python", hide_input=false))]
    fn py_new(title: Py<PyAny>, line_errors: Vec<PyLineError>, input_type: &str, hide_input: bool) -> PyResult<Self> {
        Ok(Self {
            line_errors,
            title,
            input_type: InputType::try_from(input_type)?,
            hide_input,
        })
    }

    #[classmethod]
    #[pyo3(signature = (title, line_errors, input_type="python", hide_input=false))]
    fn from_exception_data<'py>(
        cls: &Bound<'py, PyType>,
        title: Py<PyAny>,
        line_errors: Bound<'_, PyList>,
        input_type: &str,
        hide_input: bool,
    ) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyAny>> {
        cls.call1((
            title,
            line_errors
                .iter()
                .map(|error| PyLineError::try_from(&error))
                .collect::<PyResult<Vec<PyLineError>>>()?,
            InputType::try_from(input_type)?,
            hide_input,
        ))
    }

    #[getter]
    fn title(&self, py: Python) -> Py<PyAny> {
        self.title.clone_ref(py)
    }

    pub fn error_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.line_errors.len()
    }

    #[pyo3(signature = (*, include_url = true, include_context = true, include_input = true))]
    pub fn errors(
        &self,
        py: Python,
        include_url: bool,
        include_context: bool,
        include_input: bool,
    ) -> PyResult<Py<PyList>> {
        let url_prefix = get_url_prefix(py, include_url);
        let mut iteration_error = None;
        let list = PyList::new(
            py,
            // PyList::new takes ExactSizeIterator, so if an error occurs during iteration we
            // fill the list with None before returning the error; the list will then be thrown
            // away safely.
            self.line_errors.iter().map(|e| -> Py<PyAny> {
                if iteration_error.is_some() {
                    return py.None();
                }
                e.as_dict(py, url_prefix, include_context, self.input_type, include_input)
                    .map_or_else(
                        |err| {
                            iteration_error = Some(err);
                            py.None()
                        },
                        Into::into,
                    )
            }),
        )?;
        if let Some(err) = iteration_error {
            Err(err)
        } else {
            Ok(list.unbind())
        }
    }

    #[pyo3(signature = (*, indent = None, include_url = true, include_context = true, include_input = true))]
    pub fn json<'py>(
        &self,
        py: Python<'py>,
        indent: Option<usize>,
        include_url: bool,
        include_context: bool,
        include_input: bool,
    ) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyString>> {
        let config = SerializationConfig::from_args("iso8601", "iso8601", "utf8", "constants")?;
        let extra = Extra::new(
            py,
            &SerMode::Json,
            None,
            false,
            false,
            false,
            false,
            false,
            true,
            None,
            false,
            None,
        );
        let mut state = SerializationState::new(config, WarningsMode::None, None, None, extra)?;
        let mut serializer = ValidationErrorSerializer {
            py,
            line_errors: &self.line_errors,
            url_prefix: get_url_prefix(py, include_url),
            include_context,
            include_input,
            state: &mut state,
            input_type: &self.input_type,
        };

        let writer: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(self.line_errors.len() * 200);
        let bytes = match indent {
            Some(indent) => {
                let indent = vec![b' '; indent];
                let formatter = PrettyFormatter::with_indent(&indent);
                let mut ser = crate::serializers::ser::PythonSerializer::with_formatter(writer, formatter);
                serializer.serialize(&mut ser).map_err(json_py_err)?;
                ser.into_inner()
            }
            None => {
                let mut ser = crate::serializers::ser::PythonSerializer::new(writer);
                serializer.serialize(&mut ser).map_err(json_py_err)?;
                ser.into_inner()
            }
        };
        let s = from_utf8(&bytes).map_err(json_py_err)?;
        Ok(PyString::new(py, s))
    }

    fn __repr__(&self, py: Python) -> String {
        self.display(py, None, self.hide_input)
    }

    fn __str__(&self, py: Python) -> String {
        self.__repr__(py)
    }

    fn __reduce__<'py>(slf: &Bound<'py, Self>) -> PyResult<(Bound<'py, PyAny>, Bound<'py, PyTuple>)> {
        let py = slf.py();
        let callable = slf.getattr("from_exception_data")?;
        let borrow = slf.try_borrow()?;
        let args = (
            &borrow.title,
            borrow.errors(py, include_url_env(py), true, true)?,
            borrow.input_type,
            borrow.hide_input,
        )
            .into_pyobject(py)?;
        Ok((callable, args))
    }
}

pub fn pretty_py_line_errors<'a>(
    py: Python,
    input_type: InputType,
    line_errors_iter: impl Iterator<Item = &'a PyLineError>,
    url_prefix: Option<&str>,
    hide_input: bool,
) -> String {
    line_errors_iter
        .map(|i| i.pretty(py, input_type, url_prefix, hide_input))
        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
        .unwrap_or_else(|err| vec![format!("[error formatting line errors: {err}]")])
        .join("\n")
}

/// `PyLineError` are the public version of `ValLineError`, as help and used in `ValidationError`s
#[pyclass]
#[derive(Clone)]
#[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, derive(Debug))]
pub struct PyLineError {
    error_type: ErrorType,
    location: Location,
    input_value: Py<PyAny>,
}

impl From<PyLineError> for ValLineError {
    /// Used to extract line errors from a validation error for wrap functions
    fn from(other: PyLineError) -> ValLineError {
        ValLineError {
            error_type: other.error_type,
            location: other.location,
            input_value: InputValue::Python(other.input_value),
        }
    }
}

impl TryFrom<&Bound<'_, PyAny>> for PyLineError {
    type Error = PyErr;

    fn try_from(value: &Bound<'_, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
        let dict = value.downcast::<PyDict>()?;
        let py = value.py();

        let type_raw = dict
            .get_item(intern!(py, "type"))?
            .ok_or_else(|| PyKeyError::new_err("type"))?;

        let error_type = if let Ok(type_str) = type_raw.downcast::<PyString>() {
            let context: Option<Bound<'_, PyDict>> = dict.get_as(intern!(py, "ctx"))?;
            ErrorType::new(py, type_str.to_str()?, context)?
        } else if let Ok(custom_error) = type_raw.extract::<PydanticCustomError>() {
            ErrorType::new_custom_error(py, custom_error)
        } else {
            return Err(PyTypeError::new_err(
                "`type` should be a `str` or `PydanticCustomError`",
            ));
        };

        let location = Location::try_from(dict.get_item("loc")?.as_ref())?;

        let input_value = match dict.get_item("input")? {
            Some(i) => i.unbind(),
            None => py.None(),
        };

        Ok(Self {
            error_type,
            location,
            input_value,
        })
    }
}

impl PyLineError {
    pub fn from_val_line_error(py: Python, error: ValLineError) -> PyResult<Self> {
        Ok(Self {
            error_type: error.error_type,
            location: error.location,
            input_value: error.input_value.into_pyobject(py)?.unbind(),
        })
    }

    fn get_error_url(&self, url_prefix: &str) -> String {
        format!("{url_prefix}{}", self.error_type.type_string())
    }

    pub fn as_dict<'py>(
        &self,
        py: Python<'py>,
        url_prefix: Option<&str>,
        include_context: bool,
        input_type: InputType,
        include_input: bool,
    ) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyDict>> {
        let dict = PyDict::new(py);
        dict.set_item("type", self.error_type.type_string())?;
        dict.set_item("loc", &self.location)?;
        dict.set_item("msg", self.error_type.render_message(py, input_type)?)?;
        if include_input {
            dict.set_item("input", &self.input_value)?;
        }
        if include_context {
            if let Some(context) = self.error_type.py_dict(py)? {
                dict.set_item("ctx", context)?;
            }
        }
        if let Some(url_prefix) = url_prefix {
            match self.error_type {
                ErrorType::CustomError { .. } => {
                    // Don't add URLs for custom errors
                }
                _ => {
                    dict.set_item("url", self.get_error_url(url_prefix))?;
                }
            }
        }
        Ok(dict)
    }

    fn pretty(
        &self,
        py: Python,
        input_type: InputType,
        url_prefix: Option<&str>,
        hide_input: bool,
    ) -> Result<String, fmt::Error> {
        let mut output = String::with_capacity(200);
        write!(output, "{}", self.location)?;

        let message = match self.error_type.render_message(py, input_type) {
            Ok(message) => message,
            Err(err) => format!("(error rendering message: {err})"),
        };
        write!(output, "  {message} [type={}", self.error_type.type_string())?;

        // special case: don't show input for DefaultFactoryNotCalled errors - there is no valid input
        if !hide_input && !matches!(self.error_type, ErrorType::DefaultFactoryNotCalled { .. }) {
            let input_value = self.input_value.bind(py);
            let input_str = safe_repr(input_value);
            write!(output, ", input_value=")?;
            write_truncated_to_limited_bytes(&mut output, &input_str.to_string(), 50)?;

            if let Ok(type_) = input_value.get_type().qualname() {
                write!(output, ", input_type={type_}")?;
            }
        }
        if let Some(url_prefix) = url_prefix {
            match self.error_type {
                ErrorType::CustomError { .. } => {
                    // Don't display URLs for custom errors
                    output.push(']');
                }
                _ => {
                    write!(
                        output,
                        "]\n    For further information visit {}",
                        self.get_error_url(url_prefix)
                    )?;
                }
            }
        } else {
            output.push(']');
        }
        Ok(output)
    }
}

pub(super) fn json_py_err(error: impl Display) -> PyErr {
    PyValueError::new_err(format!("Error serializing ValidationError to JSON: {error}"))
}

pub(super) fn py_err_json<S>(error: PyErr) -> S::Error
where
    S: Serializer,
{
    S::Error::custom(error.to_string())
}

struct ValidationErrorSerializer<'slf, 'a, 'py> {
    py: Python<'py>,
    line_errors: &'py [PyLineError],
    url_prefix: Option<&'py str>,
    include_context: bool,
    include_input: bool,
    state: &'slf mut SerializationState<'a, 'py>,
    input_type: &'py InputType,
}

impl ValidationErrorSerializer<'_, '_, '_> {
    fn serialize<S>(&mut self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
    where
        S: Serializer,
    {
        let mut seq = serializer.serialize_seq(Some(self.line_errors.len()))?;
        for line_error in self.line_errors {
            let line_s = PyLineErrorSerializer {
                py: self.py,
                line_error,
                url_prefix: self.url_prefix,
                include_context: self.include_context,
                include_input: self.include_input,
                state: RefCell::new(self.state),
                input_type: self.input_type,
            };
            seq.serialize_element(&line_s)?;
        }
        seq.end()
    }
}

struct PyLineErrorSerializer<'slf, 'a, 'py> {
    py: Python<'py>,
    line_error: &'py PyLineError,
    url_prefix: Option<&'py str>,
    include_context: bool,
    include_input: bool,
    state: RefCell<&'slf mut SerializationState<'a, 'py>>,
    input_type: &'py InputType,
}

impl Serialize for PyLineErrorSerializer<'_, '_, '_> {
    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
    where
        S: Serializer,
    {
        let py = self.py;
        let size = 3 + [self.url_prefix.is_some(), self.include_context, self.include_input]
            .into_iter()
            .filter(|b| *b)
            .count();
        let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(Some(size))?;
        let mut state = self.state.borrow_mut();

        map.serialize_entry("type", &self.line_error.error_type.type_string())?;

        map.serialize_entry("loc", &self.line_error.location)?;

        let msg = self
            .line_error
            .error_type
            .render_message(py, *self.input_type)
            .map_err(py_err_json::<S>)?;
        map.serialize_entry("msg", &msg)?;

        if self.include_input {
            map.serialize_entry("input", &state.serialize_infer(self.line_error.input_value.bind(py)))?;
        }

        if self.include_context {
            if let Some(context) = self.line_error.error_type.py_dict(py).map_err(py_err_json::<S>)? {
                map.serialize_entry("ctx", &state.serialize_infer(context.bind(py)))?;
            }
        }
        if let Some(url_prefix) = self.url_prefix {
            map.serialize_entry("url", &self.line_error.get_error_url(url_prefix))?;
        }
        map.end()
    }
}
