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<article>

<title>Commodore 64-specific information for cc65
<author><url url="mailto:uz@cc65.org" name="Ullrich von Bassewitz"><newline>
<url url="mailto:greg.king5@verizon.net" name="Greg King">
<date>2017-01-18

<abstract>
An overview over the C64 runtime system as it is implemented for the cc65 C
compiler.
</abstract>

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<sect>Overview<p>

This file contains an overview of the C64 runtime system as it comes with the
cc65 C compiler. It describes the memory layout, C64-specific header files,
available drivers, and any pitfalls specific to that platform.

Please note that C64-specific functions are just mentioned here, they are
described in detail in the separate <url url="funcref.html" name="function
reference">. Even functions marked as "platform dependent" may be available on
more than one platform. Please see the function reference for more
information.


<sect>Binary format<p>

The standard binary output format generated by the linker for the C64 target
is a machine language program with a one line BASIC stub, which calls the
machine language part via SYS. This means that a program can be loaded as
BASIC program and started with RUN. It is of course possible to change this
behaviour by using a modified startup file and linker config.


<sect>Memory layout<p>

cc65 generated programs with the default setup run with the I/O area and the
kernal ROM enabled (memory under the kernal may be used for graphics or as
extended memory - see the sections about graphics and extended memory
drivers). The BASIC ROM is disabled, which gives a usable memory range of
&dollar;0800 - &dollar;CFFF. This means that kernal entry points may be called
directly, but using the BASIC ROM is not possible without additional code.

Special locations:

<descrip>
  <tag/Text screen/
  The text screen is located at &dollar;400 (as in the standard setup).

  <tag/Stack/
  The C runtime stack is located at &dollar;CFFF and growing downwards.

  <tag/Heap/
  The C heap is located at the end of the program and grows towards the C
  runtime stack.

</descrip><p>


<sect>Linker configurations<p>

The ld65 linker comes with a default config file for the Commodore&nbsp;64,
which is used via <tt/-t c64/. The
c64 package comes with additional secondary linker config files, which are
used via <tt/-t c64 -C &lt;configfile&gt;/.


<sect1>default config file (<tt/c64.cfg/)<p>

The default configuration is tailored to C programs. It supplies the load
address and a small BASIC stub that starts the compiled program using a SYS
command.


<sect1><tt/c64-asm.cfg/<p>

This configuration is made for assembler programmers who don't need a special
setup. The default start address is &dollar;801. It can be changed with the
linker command line option <tt/--start-addr/. All standard segments with the
exception of <tt/zeropage/ are written to the output file and a two byte load
address is prepended.

To use this config file, assemble with <tt/-t c64/ and link with <tt/-C
c64-asm.cfg/. The former will make sure that correct character translation is
in effect, while the latter supplies the actual config. When using <tt/cl65/,
use both command line options.

Sample command line for <tt/cl65/:

<tscreen><verb>
cl65 -o file.prg -t c64 -C c64-asm.cfg source.s
</verb></tscreen>

To generate code that loads to &dollar;C000:

<tscreen><verb>
cl65 -o file.prg --start-addr $C000 -t c64 -C c64-asm.cfg source.s
</verb></tscreen>

It is also possible to add a small BASIC header to the program, that uses SYS
to jump to the program entry point (which is the start of the code segment).
The advantage is that the program can be started using RUN.

To generate a program with a BASIC SYS header, use

<tscreen><verb>
cl65 -o file.prg -u __EXEHDR__ -t c64 -C c64-asm.cfg source.s
</verb></tscreen>

Please note that in this case a changed start address doesn't make sense,
since the program must be loaded to the BASIC start address.

<sect>Extras<p>

<sect1>80 Columns conio driver<p>

The C64 package comes with an alternative software driven 80 columns
module <tt/c64-soft80.o/ which uses the memory under I/O between &dollar;d000
and &dollar;ffff.

In memory constrained situations the memory from &dollar;400 to &dollar;7FF
can be made available to a program by calling <tt/_heapadd ((void *) 0x0400, 0x0400);/
at the beginning of <tt/main()/. Doing so is beneficial even if the program
doesn't use the the heap explicitly because loading a driver uses the heap implicitly.

Using <tt/c64-soft80.o/ is as simple as placing it on the linker command
line like this:

<tscreen><verb>
cl65 -t c64 myprog.c c64-soft80.o
</verb></tscreen>

Note that the soft80 conio driver is incompatible with the
<tt/c64-ram.emd (c64_ram_emd)/ extended memory driver and the
 <tt/c64-hi.tgi (c64_hi_tgi)/ graphics driver.

<sect2>80 Columns conio driver (monochrome)<p>

In an (even more) memory constrained situation, a size optimized version of the
software driven 80 columns module may be used, which only supports one common
text color for the whole screen.

<tscreen><verb>
cl65 -t c64 myprog.c c64-soft80mono.o
</verb></tscreen>

<sect>Platform-specific header files<p>

Programs containing C64-specific code may use the <tt/c64.h/ or <tt/cbm.h/
header files. Using the later may be an option when writing code for more than
one CBM platform, since it includes <tt/c64.h/ and declares several functions
common to all CBM platforms.


<sect1>C64-specific functions<p>

The functions listed below are special for the C64. See the <url
url="funcref.html" name="function reference"> for declaration and usage.

<itemize>
<item>get_ostype
</itemize>


<sect1>CBM-specific functions<p>

Some functions are available for all (or at least most) of the Commodore
machines. See the <url url="funcref.html" name="function reference"> for
declaration and usage.

<itemize>
<item>cbm_close
<item>cbm_closedir
<item>cbm_k_setlfs
<item>cbm_k_setnam
<item>cbm_k_load
<item>cbm_k_save
<item>cbm_k_open
<item>cbm_k_close
<item>cbm_k_readst
<item>cbm_k_chkin
<item>cbm_k_ckout
<item>cbm_k_basin
<item>cbm_k_bsout
<item>cbm_k_clrch
<item>cbm_load
<item>cbm_open
<item>cbm_opendir
<item>cbm_read
<item>cbm_readdir
<item>cbm_save
<item>cbm_write
<item>get_tv
</itemize>


<sect1>Hardware access<p>

The following pseudo variables declared in the <tt/c64.h/ header file do allow
access to hardware located in the address space. Some variables are
structures, accessing the struct fields will access the chip registers.

<descrip>

  <tag><tt/VIC/</tag>
  The <tt/VIC/ structure allows access to the VIC II (the graphics
  controller). See the <tt/_vic2.h/ header file located in the include
  directory for the declaration of the structure.

  <tag><tt/SID/</tag>
  The <tt/SID/ structure allows access to the SID (the sound interface
  device). See the <tt/_sid.h/ header file located in the include directory
  for the declaration of the structure.

  <tag><tt/CIA1, CIA2/</tag>
  Access to the two CIA (complex interface adapter) chips is available via
  the <tt/CIA1/ and <tt/CIA2/ variables. The structure behind these variables
  is explained in <tt/_6526.h/.

  <tag><tt/COLOR_RAM/</tag>
  A character array that mirrors the color RAM of the C64 at &dollar;D800.

</descrip><p>



<sect>Loadable drivers<p>

The names in the parentheses denote the symbols to be used for static linking of the drivers.


<label id="graphics-drivers">
<sect1>Graphics drivers<p>

<em>Note:</em> All available graphics drivers for the TGI interface will use
the space below the I/O area and Kernal ROM; so, you can have hires graphics in
the standard setup without any memory loss or need for a changed configuration.

You can use a mouse driver at the same time that you use a TGI driver.  But, if
you want to see the default mouse pointer on the graphics screen, then you
explicitly must link a special object file into your program.  It will put the
arrow into the "high RAM" area where the bitmaps are put.  Its name is
"<tt/c64-tgimousedata.o/".  Example:

<tscreen><verb>
cl65 -t c64 -o program-file main-code.c subroutines.s c64-tgimousedata.o
</verb></tscreen>

<descrip>
  <tag><tt/c64-hi.tgi (c64_hi_tgi)/</tag>
  This driver features a resolution of 320*200 with two colors and an
  adjustable palette (that means that the two colors can be chosen out of a
  palette of the 16 C64 colors).
</descrip><p>

Note that the graphics drivers are incompatible with the
<tt/c64-ram.emd (c64_ram_emd)/ extended memory driver and the
 <tt/c64-soft80.o/ software 80-columns conio driver.


<sect1>Extended memory drivers<p>

<descrip>

  <tag><tt/c64-65816.emd (c64_65816_emd)/</tag>
  Extended memory driver for 65816 (eg SCPU) based extra RAM.
  Written and contributed by Marco van den Heuvel.

  <tag><tt/c64-c256k.emd (c64_c256k_emd)/</tag>
  A driver for the C64 256K memory expansion. This driver offers 768 pages of
  256 bytes each. Written and contributed by Marco van den Heuvel.

  <tag><tt/c64-dqbb.emd (c64_dqbb_emd)/</tag>
  A driver for the Double Quick Brown Box cartridge. This driver offers
  64 pages of 256 bytes each. Written and contributed by Marco van den Heuvel.

  <tag><tt/c64-georam.emd (c64_georam_emd)/</tag>
  A driver for the Berkeley Softworks GeoRam cartridge. The driver will
  determine the available RAM from the connected cartridge. It supports 64KB
  up to 2048KB of RAM.

  <tag><tt/c64-isepic.emd (c64_isepic_emd)/</tag>
  A driver for the ISEPIC cartridge. This driver offers just 8 pages of 256
  bytes each. Written and contributed by Marco van den Heuvel.

  <tag><tt/c64-ram.emd (c64_ram_emd)/</tag>
  A driver for the hidden RAM below the I/O area and kernal ROM. Supports 48
  256 byte pages. Please note that this driver is incompatible with any of the
  graphics drivers, or the soft80 conio driver!

  <tag><tt/c64-ramcart.emd (c64_ramcart_emd)/</tag>
  A driver for the RamCart 64/128 written and contributed by Maciej Witkowiak.
  Will test the hardware for the available RAM.

  <tag><tt/c64-reu.emd (c64_reu_emd)/</tag>
  A driver for the CBM REUs. The driver will determine from the connected REU
  if it supports 128KB of RAM or more. In the latter case, 256KB are assumed,
  but since there are no range checks, the application can use more memory if
  it has better knowledge about the hardware than the driver.

  <tag><tt/c64-vdc.emd (c64_vdc_emd)/</tag>
  A driver for the VDC memory of the C128. Written and contributed by Maciej
  Witkowiak. Can be used if the program is running in C64 mode of the C128.
  Autodetects the amount of memory available (16 or 64K) and offers 64 or 256
  pages of 256 bytes each.

  <tag><tt/dtv-himem.emd (dtv_himem_emd)/</tag>
  A driver for the C64 D2TV (the second or PAL version). This driver offers
  indeed 7680 pages of 256 bytes each.

</descrip><p>


<sect1>Joystick drivers<p>

The default drivers, <tt/joy_stddrv (joy_static_stddrv)/, point to <tt/c64-stdjoy.joy (c64_stdjoy_joy)/.

<descrip>

  <tag><tt/c64-hitjoy.joy (c64_hitjoy_joy)/</tag>
  Driver for the Digital Excess &amp; Hitmen adapter contributed by Groepaz.
  See <url url="http://www.digitalexcess.de/downloads/productions.php"> on
  instructions how to build one. Up to four joysticks are supported.

  <tag><tt/c64-ptvjoy.joy (c64_ptvjoy_joy)/</tag>
  Driver for the Protovision 4-player adapter contributed by Groepaz. See
  <url url="http://www.protovision-online.de/hardw/4_player.php?language=en"
  name="Protovision shop"> for prices and building instructions. Up to four
  joysticks are supported.

  <tag><tt/c64-stdjoy.joy (c64_stdjoy_joy)/</tag>
  Supports up to two standard joysticks connected to the joysticks port of
  the C64.

  <tag><tt/c64-numpad.joy (c64_numpad_joy)/</tag>
  Supports one joystick emulated by the numberpad of the C128 in C64 mode,
  the firebutton is labeled &dquot;5&dquot; and ENTER.

</descrip><p>


<sect1>Mouse drivers<p>

You can use these drivers in text-mode or graphics-mode (TGI) programs.  See
the description of <ref id="graphics-drivers" name="the graphics drivers">.

The default drivers, <tt/mouse_stddrv (mouse_static_stddrv)/, point to <tt/c64-1351.mou (c64_1351_mou)/.

<descrip>

  <tag><tt/c64-1351.mou (c64_1351_mou)/</tag>
  Supports a standard mouse connected to port #0 of the C64.

  <tag><tt/c64-inkwell.mou (c64_inkwell_mou)/</tag>
  Supports the Inkwell Systems lightpens, connected to port #0 of the C64.
  It can read both the one-button 170-C and the two-button 184-C pens.  (It can
  read other lightpens and light-guns that send their button signal to the
  joystick left-button pin or the paddle Y [up/down] pin.)

  <tag><tt/c64-joy.mou (c64_joy_mou)/</tag>
  Supports a mouse emulated by a standard joystick, e.g. 1350 mouse, in port
  #1 of the C64.

  <tag><tt/c64-pot.mou (c64_pot_mou)/</tag>
  Supports a potentiometer device, e.g. Koala Pad, connected to port #1 of
  the C64.

</descrip><p>


<sect1>RS232 device drivers<p>

<descrip>

  <tag><tt/c64-swlink.ser (c64_swlink_ser)/</tag>
  Driver for the SwiftLink cartridge. Supports up to 38400 BPS, hardware flow
  control (RTS/CTS), and interrupt-driven receives. Note that, because of the
  peculiarities of the 6551 chip, together with the use of the NMI, transmits
  are not interrupt driven; and, the transceiver blocks if the receiver asserts
  flow control because of a full buffer.

</descrip><p>



<sect>Limitations<p>



<sect>Other hints<p>


<sect1>Escape code<p>

For an Esc, press CTRL and the <tt/[/ key.


<sect1>Passing arguments to the program<p>

Command-line arguments can be passed to <tt/main()/. Since this is not
supported directly by BASIC, the following syntax was chosen:

<tscreen><verb>
    RUN:REM ARG1 " ARG2 IS QUOTED" ARG3 "" ARG5
</verb></tscreen>

<enum>
<item>Arguments are separated by spaces.
<item>Arguments may be quoted.
<item>Leading and trailing spaces around an argument are ignored. Spaces within
      a quoted argument are allowed.
<item>The first argument passed to <tt/main()/ is the program name.
<item>A maximum number of 10 arguments (including the program name) are
      supported.
</enum>


<sect1>Program return code<p>

The program return code (low byte) is passed back to BASIC by use of the
<tt/ST/ variable.


<sect1>Interrupts<p>

The runtime for the C64 uses routines marked as <tt/.INTERRUPTOR/ for
interrupt handlers. Such routines must be written as simple machine language
subroutines and will be called automatically by the interrupt handler code
when they are linked into a program. See the discussion of the <tt/.CONDES/
feature in the <url url="ca65.html" name="assembler manual">.



<sect>License<p>

This software is provided 'as-is', without any expressed or implied
warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
arising from the use of this software.

Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
freely, subject to the following restrictions:

<enum>
<item>	The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
	claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
	in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
	appreciated but is not required.
<item>	Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
	be misrepresented as being the original software.
<item>	This notice may not be removed or altered from any source
	distribution.
</enum>

</article>
