CRYPTO 9
crypto2 extended API for cryptographic services in the kernel

    #define CRYPTO_VERSION 2

    #define CRYPTO_SYMQ   0x1
    #define CRYPTO_ASYMQ  0x2

    enum crypto_accel_type {
                      CRYPTO_PACKET  =0x2,    /* OR together desired bits */
                      CRYPTO_HARDWARE=0x1,
                      CRYPTO_SOFTWARE=0x0,
    };
    enum crypto_flags {
                      CRYPTO_ENCRYPT=0x1,
                      CRYPTO_DECRYPT=0x2,
                      CRYPTO_MAC_GEN=0x4,
                      CRYPTO_MAC_CHECK=0x08,
                      CRYPTO_COMPRESS_SMALLER=0x10,
                      CRYPTO_COMPRESS_BIGGER=0x20,
    };

    enum crypto_ipsec_dfmode { CRYPTO_IPSEC_COPYDF =1,
                               CRYPTO_IPSEC_SETDF  =2,
                               CRYPTO_IPSEC_CLEARDF=3,
                               CRYPTO_IPSEC_DEFAULTDF=4
    };

    enum crypto_ipsec_dsmode { CRYPTO_IPSEC_COPYDS =65,
                               CRYPTO_IPSEC_DEFAULTDS=66,
                              /* or a value from 0 to 64 */
    };
    #define CRYPTO_IPSEC_TTLDEFAULT 0   /* use system default value from sysctl */

    #define EALG_MAX_BLOCK_LEN      16

    struct crypto_algoini {
                       int cria_klen;
                       int cria_rnd;
                       caddr_t cria_key;
                       u_int8_t cria_iv[EALG_MAX_BLOCK_LEN];
    };
    #define cri_klen d.cri_alg.cria_klen
    #define cri_rnd  d.cri_alg.cria_rnd
    #define cri_key  d.cri_alg.cria_key
    #define cri_iv   d.cri_alg.cria_iv

    struct crypto_packetini {
                       u_int64_t crip_basealg;
                       struct sockaddr crip_tun_source;
                       struct sockaddr crip_tun_destination;
                       unsigned char   crip_tun_df_mode;
                       unsigned char   crip_tun_ds_mode;
                       unsigned char   crip_tun_ttl_value;
                       unsigned char   crip_tun_replay_windowsize; /* power of 2 */
                       unsigned int    crip_spivalue;
                       unsigned int    crip_replayinit;
    };

    struct cryptoini { int cri_alg;
                       struct cryptoini  *cri_next;
                       int cri_flags;
                       union {
                          struct crypto_algoini    cri_alg;
                          struct crypto_packetinit cri_pack;
                       } d;
    };

    struct cryptodesc { int crd_skip;
                        int crd_len;
                        int crd_inject;
                        int crd_flags;
                        struct cryptoini   CRD_INI;
                        struct cryptodesc *crd_next;
    }; struct cryptop { TAILQ_ENTRY(cryptop) crp_next;
                     u_int64_t crp_sid;
                     int       crp_ilen;
                     int       crp_olen;
                     int       crp_etype;
                     int       crp_flags;
                     caddr_t   crp_buf;        /* input buffer */
                     caddr_t   crp_obuf;
                     caddr_t   crp_opaque;
                     struct cryptodesc *crp_desc;
                     int              (*crp_callback) (struct cryptop *);
                     caddr_t            crp_mac;
    };
    struct cryptopp { struct cryptop crpp_crp;

    struct crparam { caddr_t         crp_p;
                     u_int           crp_nbits;
    };
    #define CRK_MAXPARAM    8

    struct cryptkop { TAILQ_ENTRY(cryptkop) krp_next;
                      u_int              krp_op;         /* ie. CRK_MOD_EXP or other */
                      u_int              krp_status;     /* return status */
                      u_short            krp_iparams;    /* # of input parameters */
                      u_short            krp_oparams;    /* # of output parameters */
                      u_int32_t          krp_hid;
                      struct crparam     krp_param[CRK_MAXPARAM];
                      int               (*krp_callback)(struct cryptkop *);
    };int crypto_newsessionu_int64_t * sidstruct cryptoini*int crypto_accelint crypto_freesessionu_int64_tint crypto_dispatchstruct cryptop*int crypto_kdispatchstruct cryptkop*

`crypto` is a framework for drivers of cryptographic hardware to register with the kernel so “consumers” (other kernel subsystems, and users through the /dev/crypto device) are able to make use of it. Drivers register with the framework the algorithms they support, and provide entry points (functions) the framework may call to establish, use, and tear down sessions. Sessions are used to cache cryptographic information in a particular driver (or associated hardware), so initialization is not needed with every request. Consumers of cryptographic services pass a set of descriptors that instruct the framework (and the drivers registered with it) of the operations that should be applied on the data (more than one cryptographic operation can be requested).

Keying operations are supported as well. Unlike the symmetric operators described above, these sessionless commands perform mathematical operations using input and output parameters.
Since the consumers may not be associated with a process, drivers may not sleep 9 . The same holds for the framework. Thus, a callback mechanism is used to notify a consumer that a request has been completed (the callback is specified by the consumer on an per-request basis). The callback is invoked by the framework whether the request was successfully completed or not. An error indication is provided in the latter case. A specific error code, EAGAIN , is used to indicate that a session number has changed and that the request may be re-submitted immediately with the new session number. Errors are only returned to the invoking function if not enough information to call the callback is available (meaning, there was a fatal error in verifying the arguments). For session initialization and teardown there is no callback mechanism used.
The crypto_newsession(); routine is called by consumers of cryptographic services (such as the ipsec 4 stack) that wish to establish a new session with the framework. On success, the first argument will contain the Session Identifier (SID). The second argument contains all the necessary information for the driver to establish the session. The third argument indicates whether a packet driver (CRYPTO_PACKET), hardware driver (CRYPTO_HARDWARE) should be used or not (CRYPTO_SOFTWARE). The various fields in the cryptoini structure are:

`cri_alg`

  Contains an algorithm identifier. Currently supported algorithms are:

  `CRYPTO_DES_CBC`
  `CRYPTO_3DES_CBC`
  `CRYPTO_BLF_CBC`
  `CRYPTO_CAST_CBC`
  `CRYPTO_SKIPJACK_CBC`
  `CRYPTO_MD5_HMAC`
  `CRYPTO_SHA1_HMAC`
  `CRYPTO_RIPEMD160_HMAC`
  `CRYPTO_MD5_KPDK`
  `CRYPTO_SHA1_KPDK`
  `CRYPTO_AES_CBC`
  `CRYPTO_ARC4`
  `CRYPTO_MD5`
  `CRYPTO_SHA1`
  `CRYPTO_SHA2_HMAC`
  `CRYPTO_NULL_HMAC`
  `CRYPTO_NULL_CBC`

`cri_klen`

  Specifies the length of the key in bits, for variable-size key algorithms.

`cri_rnd`

  Specifies the number of rounds to be used with the algorithm, for variable-round algorithms.

`cri_key`

  Contains the key to be used with the algorithm.

`cri_iv`

  Contains an explicit initialization vector (IV), if it does not prefix the data. This field is ignored during initialization. If no IV is explicitly passed (see below on details), a random IV is used by the device driver processing the request.

`cri_next`

  Contains a pointer to another

  cryptoini structure. Multiple such structures may be linked to establish multi-algorithm sessions ( ipsec 4 is an example consumer of such a feature).

The

cryptoini structure and its contents will not be modified by the framework (or the drivers used). Subsequent requests for processing that use the SID returned will avoid the cost of re-initializing the hardware (in essence, SID acts as an index in the session cache of the driver).
crypto_freesession(); is called with the SID returned by crypto_newsession(); to disestablish the session.
crypto_dispatch(); is called to process a request. The various fields in the cryptop structure are:

`crp_sid`

  Contains the SID.

`crp_ilen`

  Indicates the total length in bytes of the buffer to be processed.

`crp_olen`

  On return, contains the total length of the result. For symmetric crypto operations, this will be the same as the input length. This will be used if the framework needs to allocate a new buffer for the result (or for re-formatting the input).

`crp_callback`

  This routine is invoked upon completion of the request, whether successful or not. It is invoked through the crypto_done(); routine. If the request was not successful, an error code is set in the `crp_etype` field. It is the responsibility of the callback routine to set the appropriate spl 9 level.

`crp_etype`

  Contains the error type, if any errors were encountered, or zero if the request was successfully processed. If the EAGAIN error code is returned, the SID has changed (and has been recorded in the `crp_sid` field). The consumer should record the new SID and use it in all subsequent requests. In this case, the request may be re-submitted immediately. This mechanism is used by the framework to perform session migration (move a session from one driver to another, because of availability, performance, or other considerations).

  Note that this field only makes sense when examined by the callback routine specified in `crp_callback`. Errors are returned to the invoker of crypto_process(); only when enough information is not present to call the callback routine (i.e., if the pointer passed is `NULL` or if no callback routine was specified).
`crp_flags`

  Is a bitmask of flags associated with this request. Currently defined flags are:

  `CRYPTO_F_IMBUF`

    The buffer pointed to by `crp_buf` is an mbuf chain.

`crp_buf`

  Points to the input buffer. On return (when the callback is invoked), it contains the result of the request. The input buffer may be an mbuf chain or a contiguous buffer, depending on `crp_flags`.

`crp_opaque`

  This is passed through the crypto framework untouched and is intended for the invoking application's use.

`crp_desc`

  This is a linked list of descriptors. Each descriptor provides information about what type of cryptographic operation should be done on the input buffer. The various fields are:

  `crd_skip`

    The offset in the input buffer where processing should start.

  `crd_len`

    How many bytes, after `crd_skip`, should be processed.

  `crd_inject`

    Offset from the beginning of the buffer to insert any results. For encryption algorithms, this is where the initialization vector (IV) will be inserted when encrypting or where it can be found when decrypting (subject to `crd_flags`). For MAC algorithms, this is where the result of the keyed hash will be inserted.

  `crd_flags`

    The following flags are defined:

    `CRD_F_ENCRYPT`

      For encryption algorithms, this bit is set when encryption is required (when not set, decryption is performed).

    `CRD_F_IV_PRESENT`

      For encryption algorithms, this bit is set when the IV already precedes the data, so the `crd_inject` value will be ignored and no IV will be written in the buffer. Otherwise, the IV used to encrypt the packet will be written at the location pointed to by `crd_inject`. The IV length is assumed to be equal to the blocksize of the encryption algorithm. Some applications that do special “IV cooking”, such as the half-IV mode in ipsec 4 , can use this flag to indicate that the IV should not be written on the packet. This flag is typically used in conjunction with the `CRD_F_IV_EXPLICIT` flag.

    `CRD_F_IV_EXPLICIT`

      For encryption algorithms, this bit is set when the IV is explicitly provided by the consumer in the `cri_iv` fields. Otherwise, for encryption operations the IV is provided for by the driver used to perform the operation, whereas for decryption operations it is pointed to by the `crd_inject` field. This flag is typically used when the IV is calculated “on the fly” by the consumer, and does not precede the data (some ipsec 4 configurations, and the encrypted swap are two such examples).

    `CRD_F_COMP`

      For compression algorithms, this bit is set when compression is required (when not set, decompression is performed).

  `CRD_INI`

    This

    cryptoini structure will not be modified by the framework or the device drivers. Since this information accompanies every cryptographic operation request, drivers may re-initialize state on-demand (typically an expensive operation). Furthermore, the cryptographic framework may re-route requests as a result of full queues or hardware failure, as described above.
  `crd_next`

    Point to the next descriptor. Linked operations are useful in protocols such as ipsec 4 , where multiple cryptographic transforms may be applied on the same block of data.

crypto_getreq(); allocates a

cryptop structure with a linked list of as many cryptodesc structures as were specified in the argument passed to it.
crypto_freereq(); deallocates a structure cryptop and any cryptodesc structures linked to it. Note that it is the responsibility of the callback routine to do the necessary cleanups associated with the opaque field in the cryptop structure.
crypto_kdispatch(); is called to perform a keying operation. The various fields in the cryptkop structure are:

`krp_op`

  Operation code, such as `CRK_MOD_EXP`.

`krp_status`

  Return code. This `errno`-style variable indicates whether lower level reasons for operation failure.

`krp_iparams`

  Number if input parameters to the specified operation. Note that each operation has a (typically hardwired) number of such parameters.

`krp_oparams`

  Number if output parameters from the specified operation. Note that each operation has a (typically hardwired) number of such parameters.

`krp_kvp`

  An array of kernel memory blocks containing the parameters.

`krp_hid`

  Identifier specifying which low-level driver is being used.

`krp_callback`

  Callback called on completion of a keying operation.

    #include <opencrypto/cryptodev.h>

`int32_t` crypto_get_driverid u_int8_t int `crypto_register` u_int32_t int u_int16_t u_int32_t int (*)(void* u_int32_t * struct cryptoini *) int (*)(void* u_int64_t ) int (*)(void* struct cryptop *) void * int `crypto_kregister` u_int32_t int u_int32_t int (*)(void* struct cryptkop *) void * int `crypto_unregister` u_int32_t int int `crypto_unregister_all` u_int32_t void `crypto_done` struct cryptop* void `crypto_kdone` struct cryptkop* int `crypto_unblock` u_int32_t int struct `cryptop` *crypto_getreq int void `crypto_freereq` void

## DRIVER-SIDE API

The crypto_get_driverid(,); crypto_register(,); crypto_kregister(,); crypto_unregister(,); crypto_unblock(,); and crypto_done(); routines are used by drivers that provide support for cryptographic primitives to register and unregister with the kernel crypto services framework. Drivers must first use the crypto_get_driverid(); function to acquire a driver identifier, specifying the cc_flags as an argument (normally 0, but software-only drivers should specify `CRYPTOCAP_F_SOFTWARE`). For each algorithm the driver supports, it must then call crypto_register(.); The first two arguments are the driver and algorithm identifiers. The next two arguments specify the largest possible operator length (in bits, important for public key operations) and flags for this algorithm. The last four arguments must be provided in the first call to crypto_register(); and are ignored in all subsequent calls. They are pointers to three driver-provided functions that the framework may call to establish new cryptographic context with the driver, free already established context, and ask for a request to be processed (encrypt, decrypt, etc.); and an opaque parameter to pass when calling each of these routines. crypto_unregister(); is called by drivers that wish to withdraw support for an algorithm. The two arguments are the driver and algorithm identifiers, respectively. Typically, drivers for PCMCIA crypto cards that are being ejected will invoke this routine for all algorithms supported by the card. crypto_unregister_all(); will unregister all algorithms registered by a driver and the driver will be disabled (no new sessions will be allocated on that driver, and any existing sessions will be migrated to other drivers). The same will be done if all algorithms associated with a driver are unregistered one by one.

The calling convention for the three driver-supplied routines is:

- int (*newsession)(void *, u_int32_t *, struct cryptoini *);

- int (*freesession)(void *, u_int64_t);

- int (*process)(void *, struct cryptop *);

- int (*kprocess)(void *, struct cryptkop *);

On invocation, the first argument to all routines is an opaque data value supplied when the algorithm is registered with crypto_register(.); The second argument to newsession(); contains the driver identifier obtained via crypto_get_driverid(.); On successful return, it should contain a driver-specific session identifier. The third argument is identical to that of crypto_newsession(.);

The freesession(); routine takes as arguments the opaque data value and the SID (which is the concatenation of the driver identifier and the driver-specific session identifier). It should clear any context associated with the session (clear hardware registers, memory, etc.).

The process(); routine is invoked with a request to perform crypto processing. This routine must not block, but should queue the request and return immediately. Upon processing the request, the callback routine should be invoked. In case of an unrecoverable error, the error indication must be placed in the `crp_etype` field of the

cryptop structure. When the request is completed, or an error is detected, the process(); routine should invoke crypto_done(.); Session migration may be performed, as mentioned previously.

In case of a temporary resource exhaustion, the process(); routine may return ERESTART in which case the crypto services will requeue the request, mark the driver as “blocked”, and stop submitting requests for processing. The driver is then responsible for notifying the crypto services when it is again able to process requests through the crypto_unblock(); routine. This simple flow control mechanism should only be used for short-lived resource exhaustion as it causes operations to be queued in the crypto layer. Doing so is preferable to returning an error in such cases as it can cause network protocols to degrade performance by treating the failure much like a lost packet.

The kprocess(); routine is invoked with a request to perform crypto key processing. This routine must not block, but should queue the request and return immediately. Upon processing the request, the callback routine should be invoked. In case of an unrecoverable error, the error indication must be placed in the `krp_status` field of the

cryptkop structure. When the request is completed, or an error is detected, the kprocess(); routine should invoked crypto_kdone(.);

## RETURN VALUES

crypto_register(); crypto_kregister(); crypto_unregister(); crypto_newsession(); crypto_freesession(,); and crypto_unblock(); return 0 on success, or an error code on failure. crypto_get_driverid(); returns a non-negative value on error, and -1 on failure. crypto_getreq(); returns a pointer to a

cryptop structure and `NULL` on failure. crypto_dispatch(); returns EINVAL if its argument or the callback function was `NULL`, and 0 otherwise. The callback is provided with an error code in case of failure, in the `crp_etype` field.

## FILES

`sys/opencrypto/crypto.c`

  most of the framework code

## SEE ALSO

ipsec 4 , malloc 9 , sleep 9

## HISTORY

The cryptographic framework first appeared in OpenBSD 2.7 and was written by Angelos D. Keromytis <angelos@openbsd.org>. It was ported to FreeBSD by Sam Leffler. It was ported to Openswan by David McCullough.

## BUGS

The framework currently assumes that all the algorithms in a crypto_newsession(); operation must be available by the same driver. If that is not the case, session initialization will fail.

The framework also needs a mechanism for determining which driver is best for a specific set of algorithms associated with a session. Some type of benchmarking is in order here.

Multiple instances of the same algorithm in the same session are not supported. Note that 3DES is considered one algorithm (and not three instances of DES). Thus, 3DES and DES could be mixed in the same request.