/*
 * Copyright 2002-2016 the original author or authors.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.springframework.expression.spel;

import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Stack;

import org.springframework.asm.ClassWriter;
import org.springframework.asm.MethodVisitor;
import org.springframework.asm.Opcodes;
import org.springframework.util.Assert;

/**
 * Manages the class being generated by the compilation process.
 *
 * <p>Records intermediate compilation state as the bytecode is generated.
 * Also includes various bytecode generation helper functions.
 *
 * @author Andy Clement
 * @author Juergen Hoeller
 * @since 4.1
 */
public class CodeFlow implements Opcodes {

	/**
	 * Name of the class being generated. Typically used when generating code
	 * that accesses freshly generated fields on the generated type.
	 */
	private final String className;

	/**
	 * The current class being generated.
	 */
	private final ClassWriter classWriter;

	/**
	 * Record the type of what is on top of the bytecode stack (i.e. the type of the
	 * output from the previous expression component). New scopes are used to evaluate
	 * sub-expressions like the expressions for the argument values in a method invocation
	 * expression.
	 */
	private final Stack<ArrayList<String>> compilationScopes;

	/**
	 * As SpEL ast nodes are called to generate code for the main evaluation method
	 * they can register to add a field to this class. Any registered FieldAdders
	 * will be called after the main evaluation function has finished being generated.
	 */
	private List<FieldAdder> fieldAdders;

	/**
	 * As SpEL ast nodes are called to generate code for the main evaluation method
	 * they can register to add code to a static initializer in the class. Any
	 * registered ClinitAdders will be called after the main evaluation function
	 * has finished being generated.
	 */
	private List<ClinitAdder> clinitAdders;

	/**
	 * When code generation requires holding a value in a class level field, this
	 * is used to track the next available field id (used as a name suffix).
	 */
	private int nextFieldId = 1;

	/**
	 * When code generation requires an intermediate variable within a method,
	 * this method records the next available variable (variable 0 is 'this').
	 */
	private int nextFreeVariableId = 1;


	/**
	 * Construct a new {@code CodeFlow} for the given class.
	 * @param className the name of the class
	 * @param classWriter the corresponding ASM {@code ClassWriter}
	 */
	public CodeFlow(String className, ClassWriter classWriter) {
		this.className = className;
		this.classWriter = classWriter;
		this.compilationScopes = new Stack<ArrayList<String>>();
		this.compilationScopes.add(new ArrayList<String>());
	}


	/**
	 * Push the byte code to load the target (i.e. what was passed as the first argument
	 * to CompiledExpression.getValue(target, context))
	 * @param mv the visitor into which the load instruction should be inserted
	 */
	public void loadTarget(MethodVisitor mv) {
		mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);
	}

	/**
	 * Push the bytecode to load the EvaluationContext (the second parameter passed to
	 * the compiled expression method).
	 * @param mv the visitor into which the load instruction should be inserted
	 * @since 4.3.4
	 */
	public void loadEvaluationContext(MethodVisitor mv) {
		mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 2);
	}

	/**
	 * Record the descriptor for the most recently evaluated expression element.
	 * @param descriptor type descriptor for most recently evaluated element
	 */
	public void pushDescriptor(String descriptor) {
		Assert.notNull(descriptor, "Descriptor must not be null");
		this.compilationScopes.peek().add(descriptor);
	}

	/**
	 * Enter a new compilation scope, usually due to nested expression evaluation. For
	 * example when the arguments for a method invocation expression are being evaluated,
	 * each argument will be evaluated in a new scope.
	 */
	public void enterCompilationScope() {
		this.compilationScopes.push(new ArrayList<String>());
	}

	/**
	 * Exit a compilation scope, usually after a nested expression has been evaluated. For
	 * example after an argument for a method invocation has been evaluated this method
	 * returns us to the previous (outer) scope.
	 */
	public void exitCompilationScope() {
		this.compilationScopes.pop();
	}

	/**
	 * Return the descriptor for the item currently on top of the stack (in the current scope).
	 */
	public String lastDescriptor() {
		if (this.compilationScopes.peek().isEmpty()) {
			return null;
		}
		return this.compilationScopes.peek().get(this.compilationScopes.peek().size() - 1);
	}

	/**
	 * If the codeflow shows the last expression evaluated to java.lang.Boolean then
	 * insert the necessary instructions to unbox that to a boolean primitive.
	 * @param mv the visitor into which new instructions should be inserted
	 */
	public void unboxBooleanIfNecessary(MethodVisitor mv) {
		if (lastDescriptor().equals("Ljava/lang/Boolean")) {
			mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Boolean", "booleanValue", "()Z", false);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Called after the main expression evaluation method has been generated, this
	 * method will callback any registered FieldAdders or ClinitAdders to add any
	 * extra information to the class representing the compiled expression.
	 */
	public void finish() {
		if (this.fieldAdders != null) {
			for (FieldAdder fieldAdder : this.fieldAdders) {
				fieldAdder.generateField(this.classWriter, this);
			}
		}
		if (this.clinitAdders != null) {
			MethodVisitor mv = this.classWriter.visitMethod(ACC_PUBLIC | ACC_STATIC, "<clinit>", "()V", null, null);
			mv.visitCode();
			this.nextFreeVariableId = 0;  // to 0 because there is no 'this' in a clinit
			for (ClinitAdder clinitAdder : this.clinitAdders) {
				clinitAdder.generateCode(mv, this);
			}
			mv.visitInsn(RETURN);
			mv.visitMaxs(0,0);  // not supplied due to COMPUTE_MAXS
			mv.visitEnd();
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Register a FieldAdder which will add a new field to the generated
	 * class to support the code produced by an ast nodes primary
	 * generateCode() method.
	 */
	public void registerNewField(FieldAdder fieldAdder) {
		if (this.fieldAdders == null) {
			this.fieldAdders = new ArrayList<FieldAdder>();
		}
		this.fieldAdders.add(fieldAdder);
	}

	/**
	 * Register a ClinitAdder which will add code to the static
	 * initializer in the generated class to support the code
	 * produced by an ast nodes primary generateCode() method.
	 */
	public void registerNewClinit(ClinitAdder clinitAdder) {
		if (this.clinitAdders == null) {
			this.clinitAdders = new ArrayList<ClinitAdder>();
		}
		this.clinitAdders.add(clinitAdder);
	}

	public int nextFieldId() {
		return this.nextFieldId++;
	}

	public int nextFreeVariableId() {
		return this.nextFreeVariableId++;
	}

	public String getClassName() {
		return this.className;
	}

	@Deprecated
	public String getClassname() {
		return this.className;
	}


	/**
	 * Insert any necessary cast and value call to convert from a boxed type to a
	 * primitive value.
	 * @param mv the method visitor into which instructions should be inserted
	 * @param ch the primitive type desired as output
	 * @param stackDescriptor the descriptor of the type on top of the stack
	 */
	public static void insertUnboxInsns(MethodVisitor mv, char ch, String stackDescriptor) {
		switch (ch) {
			case 'Z':
				if (!stackDescriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Boolean")) {
					mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Boolean");
				}
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Boolean", "booleanValue", "()Z", false);
				break;
			case 'B':
				if (!stackDescriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Byte")) {
					mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Byte");
				}
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Byte", "byteValue", "()B", false);
				break;
			case 'C':
				if (!stackDescriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Character")) {
					mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Character");
				}
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Character", "charValue", "()C", false);
				break;
			case 'D':
				if (!stackDescriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Double")) {
					mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Double");
				}
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Double", "doubleValue", "()D", false);
				break;
			case 'F':
				if (!stackDescriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Float")) {
					mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Float");
				}
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Float", "floatValue", "()F", false);
				break;
			case 'I':
				if (!stackDescriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Integer")) {
					mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Integer");
				}
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Integer", "intValue", "()I", false);
				break;
			case 'J':
				if (!stackDescriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Long")) {
					mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Long");
				}
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Long", "longValue", "()J", false);
				break;
			case 'S':
				if (!stackDescriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Short")) {
					mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Short");
				}
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Short", "shortValue", "()S", false);
				break;
			default:
				throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unboxing should not be attempted for descriptor '" + ch + "'");
		}
	}

	/**
	 * For numbers, use the appropriate method on the number to convert it to the primitive type requested.
	 * @param mv the method visitor into which instructions should be inserted
	 * @param targetDescriptor the primitive type desired as output
	 * @param stackDescriptor the descriptor of the type on top of the stack
	 */
	public static void insertUnboxNumberInsns(MethodVisitor mv, char targetDescriptor, String stackDescriptor) {
		switch (targetDescriptor) {
			case 'D':
				if (stackDescriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Object")) {
					mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Number");
				}
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Number", "doubleValue", "()D", false);
				break;
			case 'F':
				if (stackDescriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Object")) {
					mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Number");
				}
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Number", "floatValue", "()F", false);
				break;
			case 'J':
				if (stackDescriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Object")) {
					mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Number");
				}
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Number", "longValue", "()J", false);
				break;
			case 'I':
				if (stackDescriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Object")) {
					mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Number");
				}
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Number", "intValue", "()I", false);
				break;
			// does not handle Z, B, C, S
			default:
				throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unboxing should not be attempted for descriptor '" + targetDescriptor + "'");
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Insert any necessary numeric conversion bytecodes based upon what is on the stack and the desired target type.
	 * @param mv the method visitor into which instructions should be placed
	 * @param targetDescriptor the (primitive) descriptor of the target type
	 * @param stackDescriptor the descriptor of the operand on top of the stack
	 */
	public static void insertAnyNecessaryTypeConversionBytecodes(MethodVisitor mv, char targetDescriptor, String stackDescriptor) {
		if (CodeFlow.isPrimitive(stackDescriptor)) {
			char stackTop = stackDescriptor.charAt(0);
			if (stackTop=='I' || stackTop=='B' || stackTop=='S' || stackTop=='C') {
				if (targetDescriptor=='D') {
					mv.visitInsn(I2D);
				}
				else if (targetDescriptor=='F') {
					mv.visitInsn(I2F);
				}
				else if (targetDescriptor=='J') {
					mv.visitInsn(I2L);
				}
				else if (targetDescriptor=='I') {
					// nop
				}
				else {
					throw new IllegalStateException("cannot get from "+stackTop+" to "+targetDescriptor);
				}
			}
			else if (stackTop=='J') {
				if (targetDescriptor=='D') {
					mv.visitInsn(L2D);
				}
				else if (targetDescriptor=='F') {
					mv.visitInsn(L2F);
				}
				else if (targetDescriptor=='J') {
					// nop
				}
				else if (targetDescriptor=='I') {
					mv.visitInsn(L2I);
				}
				else {
					throw new IllegalStateException("cannot get from "+stackTop+" to "+targetDescriptor);
				}
			}
			else if (stackTop=='F') {
				if (targetDescriptor=='D') {
					mv.visitInsn(F2D);
				}
				else if (targetDescriptor=='F') {
					// nop
				}
				else if (targetDescriptor=='J') {
					mv.visitInsn(F2L);
				}
				else if (targetDescriptor=='I') {
					mv.visitInsn(F2I);
				}
				else {
					throw new IllegalStateException("cannot get from "+stackTop+" to "+targetDescriptor);
				}
			}
			else if (stackTop=='D') {
				if (targetDescriptor=='D') {
					// nop
				}
				else if (targetDescriptor=='F') {
					mv.visitInsn(D2F);
				}
				else if (targetDescriptor=='J') {
					mv.visitInsn(D2L);
				}
				else if (targetDescriptor=='I') {
					mv.visitInsn(D2I);
				}
				else {
					throw new IllegalStateException("cannot get from "+stackDescriptor+" to "+targetDescriptor);
				}
			}
		}
	}


	/**
	 * Create the JVM signature descriptor for a method. This consists of the descriptors
	 * for the method parameters surrounded with parentheses, followed by the
	 * descriptor for the return type. Note the descriptors here are JVM descriptors,
	 * unlike the other descriptor forms the compiler is using which do not include the
	 * trailing semicolon.
	 * @param method the method
	 * @return a String signature descriptor (e.g. "(ILjava/lang/String;)V")
	 */
	public static String createSignatureDescriptor(Method method) {
		Class<?>[] params = method.getParameterTypes();
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
		sb.append("(");
		for (Class<?> param : params) {
			sb.append(toJvmDescriptor(param));
		}
		sb.append(")");
		sb.append(toJvmDescriptor(method.getReturnType()));
		return sb.toString();
	}

	/**
	 * Create the JVM signature descriptor for a constructor. This consists of the
	 * descriptors for the constructor parameters surrounded with parentheses, followed by
	 * the descriptor for the return type, which is always "V". Note the
	 * descriptors here are JVM descriptors, unlike the other descriptor forms the
	 * compiler is using which do not include the trailing semicolon.
	 * @param ctor the constructor
	 * @return a String signature descriptor (e.g. "(ILjava/lang/String;)V")
	 */
	public static String createSignatureDescriptor(Constructor<?> ctor) {
		Class<?>[] params = ctor.getParameterTypes();
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
		sb.append("(");
		for (Class<?> param : params) {
			sb.append(toJvmDescriptor(param));
		}
		sb.append(")V");
		return sb.toString();
	}

	/**
	 * Determine the JVM descriptor for a specified class. Unlike the other descriptors
	 * used in the compilation process, this is the one the JVM wants, so this one
	 * includes any necessary trailing semicolon (e.g. Ljava/lang/String; rather than
	 * Ljava/lang/String)
	 * @param clazz a class
	 * @return the JVM descriptor for the class
	 */
	public static String toJvmDescriptor(Class<?> clazz) {
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
		if (clazz.isArray()) {
			while (clazz.isArray()) {
				sb.append("[");
				clazz = clazz.getComponentType();
			}
		}
		if (clazz.isPrimitive()) {
			if (clazz == Void.TYPE) {
				sb.append('V');
			}
			else if (clazz == Integer.TYPE) {
				sb.append('I');
			}
			else if (clazz == Boolean.TYPE) {
				sb.append('Z');
			}
			else if (clazz == Character.TYPE) {
				sb.append('C');
			}
			else if (clazz == Long.TYPE) {
				sb.append('J');
			}
			else if (clazz == Double.TYPE) {
				sb.append('D');
			}
			else if (clazz == Float.TYPE) {
				sb.append('F');
			}
			else if (clazz == Byte.TYPE) {
				sb.append('B');
			}
			else if (clazz == Short.TYPE) {
				sb.append('S');
			}
		}
		else {
			sb.append("L");
			sb.append(clazz.getName().replace('.', '/'));
			sb.append(";");
		}
		return sb.toString();
	}

	/**
	 * Determine the descriptor for an object instance (or {@code null}).
	 * @param value an object (possibly {@code null})
	 * @return the type descriptor for the object
	 * (descriptor is "Ljava/lang/Object" for {@code null} value)
	 */
	public static String toDescriptorFromObject(Object value) {
		if (value == null) {
			return "Ljava/lang/Object";
		}
		else {
			return toDescriptor(value.getClass());
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @param descriptor type descriptor
	 * @return {@code true} if the descriptor is for a boolean primitive or boolean reference type
	 */
	public static boolean isBooleanCompatible(String descriptor) {
		return (descriptor != null && (descriptor.equals("Z") || descriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Boolean")));
	}

	/**
	 * @param descriptor type descriptor
	 * @return {@code true} if the descriptor is for a primitive type
	 */
	public static boolean isPrimitive(String descriptor) {
		return (descriptor != null && descriptor.length() == 1);
	}

	/**
	 * @param descriptor the descriptor for a possible primitive array
	 * @return {@code true} if the descriptor is for a primitive array (e.g. "[[I")
	 */
	public static boolean isPrimitiveArray(String descriptor) {
		boolean primitive = true;
		for (int i = 0, max = descriptor.length(); i < max; i++) {
			char ch = descriptor.charAt(i);
			if (ch == '[') {
				continue;
			}
			primitive = (ch != 'L');
			break;
		}
		return primitive;
	}

	/**
	 * Determine if boxing/unboxing can get from one type to the other. Assumes at least
	 * one of the types is in boxed form (i.e. single char descriptor).
	 * @return {@code true} if it is possible to get (via boxing) from one descriptor to the other
	 */
	public static boolean areBoxingCompatible(String desc1, String desc2) {
		if (desc1.equals(desc2)) {
			return true;
		}
		if (desc1.length() == 1) {
			if (desc1.equals("Z")) {
				return desc2.equals("Ljava/lang/Boolean");
			}
			else if (desc1.equals("D")) {
				return desc2.equals("Ljava/lang/Double");
			}
			else if (desc1.equals("F")) {
				return desc2.equals("Ljava/lang/Float");
			}
			else if (desc1.equals("I")) {
				return desc2.equals("Ljava/lang/Integer");
			}
			else if (desc1.equals("J")) {
				return desc2.equals("Ljava/lang/Long");
			}
		}
		else if (desc2.length() == 1) {
			if (desc2.equals("Z")) {
				return desc1.equals("Ljava/lang/Boolean");
			}
			else if (desc2.equals("D")) {
				return desc1.equals("Ljava/lang/Double");
			}
			else if (desc2.equals("F")) {
				return desc1.equals("Ljava/lang/Float");
			}
			else if (desc2.equals("I")) {
				return desc1.equals("Ljava/lang/Integer");
			}
			else if (desc2.equals("J")) {
				return desc1.equals("Ljava/lang/Long");
			}
		}
		return false;
	}

	/**
	 * Determine if the supplied descriptor is for a supported number type or boolean. The
	 * compilation process only (currently) supports certain number types. These are
	 * double, float, long and int.
	 * @param descriptor the descriptor for a type
	 * @return {@code true} if the descriptor is for a supported numeric type or boolean
	 */
	public static boolean isPrimitiveOrUnboxableSupportedNumberOrBoolean(String descriptor) {
		if (descriptor == null) {
			return false;
		}
		if (isPrimitiveOrUnboxableSupportedNumber(descriptor)) {
			return true;
		}
		return ("Z".equals(descriptor) || descriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Boolean"));
	}

	/**
	 * Determine if the supplied descriptor is for a supported number. The compilation
	 * process only (currently) supports certain number types. These are double, float,
	 * long and int.
	 * @param descriptor the descriptor for a type
	 * @return {@code true} if the descriptor is for a supported numeric type
	 */
	public static boolean isPrimitiveOrUnboxableSupportedNumber(String descriptor) {
		if (descriptor == null) {
			return false;
		}
		if (descriptor.length() == 1) {
			return "DFIJ".contains(descriptor);
		}
		if (descriptor.startsWith("Ljava/lang/")) {
			String name = descriptor.substring("Ljava/lang/".length());
			if (name.equals("Double") || name.equals("Float") || name.equals("Integer") || name.equals("Long")) {
				return true;
			}
		}
		return false;
	}

	/**
	 * Determine whether the given number is to be considered as an integer
	 * for the purposes of a numeric operation at the bytecode level.
	 * @param number the number to check
	 * @return {@code true} if it is an {@link Integer}, {@link Short} or {@link Byte}
	 */
	public static boolean isIntegerForNumericOp(Number number) {
		return (number instanceof Integer || number instanceof Short || number instanceof Byte);
	}

	/**
	 * @param descriptor a descriptor for a type that should have a primitive representation
	 * @return the single character descriptor for a primitive input descriptor
	 */
	public static char toPrimitiveTargetDesc(String descriptor) {
		if (descriptor.length() == 1) {
			return descriptor.charAt(0);
		}
		else if (descriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Boolean")) {
			return 'Z';
		}
		else if (descriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Byte")) {
			return 'B';
		}
		else if (descriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Character")) {
			return 'C';
		}
		else if (descriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Double")) {
			return 'D';
		}
		else if (descriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Float")) {
			return 'F';
		}
		else if (descriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Integer")) {
			return 'I';
		}
		else if (descriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Long")) {
			return 'J';
		}
		else if (descriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Short")) {
			return 'S';
		}
		else {
			throw new IllegalStateException("No primitive for '" + descriptor + "'");
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Insert the appropriate CHECKCAST instruction for the supplied descriptor.
	 * @param mv the target visitor into which the instruction should be inserted
	 * @param descriptor the descriptor of the type to cast to
	 */
	public static void insertCheckCast(MethodVisitor mv, String descriptor) {
		if (descriptor.length() != 1) {
			if (descriptor.charAt(0) == '[') {
				if (isPrimitiveArray(descriptor)) {
					mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, descriptor);
				}
				else {
					mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, descriptor + ";");
				}
			}
			else {
				if (!descriptor.equals("Ljava/lang/Object")) {
					// This is chopping off the 'L' to leave us with "java/lang/String"
					mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, descriptor.substring(1));
				}
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Determine the appropriate boxing instruction for a specific type (if it needs
	 * boxing) and insert the instruction into the supplied visitor.
	 * @param mv the target visitor for the new instructions
	 * @param descriptor the descriptor of a type that may or may not need boxing
	 */
	public static void insertBoxIfNecessary(MethodVisitor mv, String descriptor) {
		if (descriptor.length() == 1) {
			insertBoxIfNecessary(mv, descriptor.charAt(0));
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Determine the appropriate boxing instruction for a specific type (if it needs
	 * boxing) and insert the instruction into the supplied visitor.
	 * @param mv the target visitor for the new instructions
	 * @param ch the descriptor of the type that might need boxing
	 */
	public static void insertBoxIfNecessary(MethodVisitor mv, char ch) {
		switch (ch) {
			case 'Z':
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Boolean", "valueOf", "(Z)Ljava/lang/Boolean;", false);
				break;
			case 'B':
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Byte", "valueOf", "(B)Ljava/lang/Byte;", false);
				break;
			case 'C':
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Character", "valueOf", "(C)Ljava/lang/Character;", false);
				break;
			case 'D':
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Double", "valueOf", "(D)Ljava/lang/Double;", false);
				break;
			case 'F':
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Float", "valueOf", "(F)Ljava/lang/Float;", false);
				break;
			case 'I':
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Integer", "valueOf", "(I)Ljava/lang/Integer;", false);
				break;
			case 'J':
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Long", "valueOf", "(J)Ljava/lang/Long;", false);
				break;
			case 'S':
				mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Short", "valueOf", "(S)Ljava/lang/Short;", false);
				break;
			case 'L':
			case 'V':
			case '[':
				// no box needed
				break;
			default:
				throw new IllegalArgumentException("Boxing should not be attempted for descriptor '" + ch + "'");
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Deduce the descriptor for a type. Descriptors are like JVM type names but missing
	 * the trailing ';' so for Object the descriptor is "Ljava/lang/Object" for int it is
	 * "I".
	 * @param type the type (may be primitive) for which to determine the descriptor
	 * @return the descriptor
	 */
	public static String toDescriptor(Class<?> type) {
		String name = type.getName();
		if (type.isPrimitive()) {
			switch (name.length()) {
				case 3:
					return "I";
				case 4:
					if (name.equals("byte")) {
						return "B";
					}
					else if (name.equals("char")) {
						return "C";
					}
					else if (name.equals("long")) {
						return "J";
					}
					else if (name.equals("void")) {
						return "V";
					}
					break;
				case 5:
					if (name.equals("float")) {
						return "F";
					}
					else if (name.equals("short")) {
						return "S";
					}
					break;
				case 6:
					if (name.equals("double")) {
						return "D";
					}
					break;
				case 7:
					if (name.equals("boolean")) {
						return "Z";
					}
					break;
			}
		}
		else {
			if (name.charAt(0) != '[') {
				return "L" + type.getName().replace('.', '/');
			}
			else {
				if (name.endsWith(";")) {
					return name.substring(0, name.length() - 1).replace('.', '/');
				}
				else {
					return name;  // array has primitive component type
				}
			}
		}
		return null;
	}

	/**
	 * Create an array of descriptors representing the parameter types for the supplied
	 * method. Returns a zero sized array if there are no parameters.
	 * @param method a Method
	 * @return a String array of descriptors, one entry for each method parameter
	 */
	public static String[] toParamDescriptors(Method method) {
		return toDescriptors(method.getParameterTypes());
	}

	/**
	 * Create an array of descriptors representing the parameter types for the supplied
	 * constructor. Returns a zero sized array if there are no parameters.
	 * @param ctor a Constructor
	 * @return a String array of descriptors, one entry for each constructor parameter
	 */
	public static String[] toParamDescriptors(Constructor<?> ctor) {
		return toDescriptors(ctor.getParameterTypes());
	}

	/**
	 * Create an array of descriptors from an array of classes.
	 * @param types the input array of classes
	 * @return an array of descriptors
	 */
	public static String[] toDescriptors(Class<?>[] types) {
		int typesCount = types.length;
		String[] descriptors = new String[typesCount];
		for (int p = 0; p < typesCount; p++) {
			descriptors[p] = toDescriptor(types[p]);
		}
		return descriptors;
	}

	/**
	 * Create the optimal instruction for loading a number on the stack.
	 * @param mv where to insert the bytecode
	 * @param value the value to be loaded
	 */
	public static void insertOptimalLoad(MethodVisitor mv, int value) {
		if (value < 6) {
			mv.visitInsn(ICONST_0+value);
		}
		else if (value < Byte.MAX_VALUE) {
			mv.visitIntInsn(BIPUSH, value);
		}
		else if (value < Short.MAX_VALUE) {
			mv.visitIntInsn(SIPUSH, value);
		}
		else {
			mv.visitLdcInsn(value);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Produce appropriate bytecode to store a stack item in an array. The
	 * instruction to use varies depending on whether the type
	 * is a primitive or reference type.
	 * @param mv where to insert the bytecode
	 * @param arrayElementType the type of the array elements
	 */
	public static void insertArrayStore(MethodVisitor mv, String arrayElementType) {
		if (arrayElementType.length()==1) {
			switch (arrayElementType.charAt(0)) {
				case 'I': mv.visitInsn(IASTORE); break;
				case 'J': mv.visitInsn(LASTORE); break;
				case 'F': mv.visitInsn(FASTORE); break;
				case 'D': mv.visitInsn(DASTORE); break;
				case 'B': mv.visitInsn(BASTORE); break;
				case 'C': mv.visitInsn(CASTORE); break;
				case 'S': mv.visitInsn(SASTORE); break;
				case 'Z': mv.visitInsn(BASTORE); break;
				default:
					throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unexpected arraytype "+arrayElementType.charAt(0));
			}
		}
		else {
			mv.visitInsn(AASTORE);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Determine the appropriate T tag to use for the NEWARRAY bytecode.
	 * @param arraytype the array primitive component type
	 * @return the T tag to use for NEWARRAY
	 */
	public static int arrayCodeFor(String arraytype) {
		switch (arraytype.charAt(0)) {
			case 'I': return T_INT;
			case 'J': return T_LONG;
			case 'F': return T_FLOAT;
			case 'D': return T_DOUBLE;
			case 'B': return T_BYTE;
			case 'C': return T_CHAR;
			case 'S': return T_SHORT;
			case 'Z': return T_BOOLEAN;
			default:
				throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unexpected arraytype "+arraytype.charAt(0));
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @return true if the supplied array type has a core component reference type
	 */
	public static boolean isReferenceTypeArray(String arraytype) {
		int length = arraytype.length();
		for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
			char ch = arraytype.charAt(i);
			if (ch == '[') continue;
			return ch=='L';
		}
		return false;
	}

	/**
	 * Produce the correct bytecode to build an array. The opcode to use and the
	 * signature to pass along with the opcode can vary depending on the signature
	 * of the array type.
	 * @param mv the methodvisitor into which code should be inserted
	 * @param size the size of the array
	 * @param arraytype the type of the array
	 */
	public static void insertNewArrayCode(MethodVisitor mv, int size, String arraytype) {
		insertOptimalLoad(mv, size);
		if (arraytype.length() == 1) {
			mv.visitIntInsn(NEWARRAY, CodeFlow.arrayCodeFor(arraytype));
		}
		else {
			if (arraytype.charAt(0) == '[') {
				// Handling the nested array case here. If vararg
				// is [[I then we want [I and not [I;
				if (CodeFlow.isReferenceTypeArray(arraytype)) {
					mv.visitTypeInsn(ANEWARRAY, arraytype+";");
				}
				else {
					mv.visitTypeInsn(ANEWARRAY, arraytype);
				}
			}
			else {
				mv.visitTypeInsn(ANEWARRAY, arraytype.substring(1));
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * For use in mathematical operators, handles converting from a (possibly boxed)
	 * number on the stack to a primitive numeric type.
	 * <p>For example, from a Integer to a double, just need to call 'Number.doubleValue()'
	 * but from an int to a double, need to use the bytecode 'i2d'.
	 * @param mv the method visitor when instructions should be appended
	 * @param stackDescriptor a descriptor of the operand on the stack
	 * @param targetDescriptor a primitive type descriptor
	 */
	public static void insertNumericUnboxOrPrimitiveTypeCoercion(
			MethodVisitor mv, String stackDescriptor, char targetDescriptor) {

		if (!CodeFlow.isPrimitive(stackDescriptor)) {
			CodeFlow.insertUnboxNumberInsns(mv, targetDescriptor, stackDescriptor);
		}
		else {
			CodeFlow.insertAnyNecessaryTypeConversionBytecodes(mv, targetDescriptor, stackDescriptor);
		}
	}


	public interface FieldAdder {

		void generateField(ClassWriter cw, CodeFlow codeflow);
	}


	public interface ClinitAdder {

		void generateCode(MethodVisitor mv, CodeFlow codeflow);
	}

}
